SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting research peptide that has been extensively studied in both laboratory and human research settings. Published human studies have reported that SS-31 can support healthier mitochondrial function by improving ATP efficiency and reducing oxidative stress markers. Research has also shown potential improvements in muscle performance, endurance, and cellular resilience under stress. Additional clinical investigations have explored its role in supporting cardiovascular efficiency and age-related mitochondrial decline. Across human research, SS-31 has consistently demonstrated strong potential as a tool for studying energy production, cellular protection, and mitochondrial health. Research Use Only. Not For Human or Veterinary Use.